Here are the few specimen entries for the Android Makers
Encyclopedia "J" topics:
Jaw: A bone that is the combined Inferior Maxillary with its two
Rami; one for each side that goes up to the pivot points.
Both the Superior and Inferior Maxillaries take and seat
teeth. The jaw developed as one bone so one hybrid or composite structure may be appropriate.
"...in modern humans, the lower jawbone angles sharply toward the rear of the skull as it ascends to the cheek in nearly
all males, but it remains relatively straight in females.
"Hormonally regulated growth of chewing muscles and their
associated bones create sex-typical facial traits such as these,
..." [SN, 8 Apr. `95 p.215 cited Susan R. Loth, Florida Atlantic
University in Boca Raton.] Perhaps this tidbit will help engineer the three-dimensional facial parameters from a portrait.
Admittedly, this is hard to visualize.
Jig: A special fixture or apparatus to cradle, suspend, prop,
etc. parts to an assembly or subassembly to hold alignments.
These alignments or adjustments need to be retained throughout some drilling and bolting, gluing, welding, etc.
processes.
There are two primary jigs needed for android making. The
first in the Steps is a spinal jig. It holds the skull and vertebrae after the spinal cord has been threaded through the spinal
foramen of each vertebrae. This allows the alignments of the
bones and the intervertebral disks through the ligature
laminations. This jig, with the skull and the spinal column with
all associated ganglia, is attached to the Main Cradle jig.
This Main Cradle brackets the spinal jig into the android's
proper position with respect to remaining body components. The
remainder of skeletal frame elements and subassemblies will in
their proper turn be located and fixed into their proper
position. This jig allows your android in construction to be
positioned to facilitate continuing fabrication at any attitude.
The android in construction will be in this cradle for many
Steps.
Joint material: There are three primary classifications of joint
materials: One is the coating or material at the articulation surface. Second is the synovial fluids. The third
makes the ligatures within and encasing the joints.
ONE: Articulation surfaces must be hard and smooth. See
"implant materials" for an excellent candidate.
TWO: The synovial fluids are lubricants. If the fluid is
not a permanent lubricant, then there must be a mechanism to inject fresh synovial fluid and evacuate the
old; akin to lachrymal mechanism. This should be developed in its own topic entry.
THREE: There are a few different types of material used to
make ligatures and tendons. The ligatures articulate;
i.e. connect the bones together; the skeleton via different types of joints.
Tendons connect muscles to bones. The types of materials
used for ligatures and tendons are:
. TOUGH & ELASTIC FIBRO-CARTILAGE unite osseous surfaces of
vertebrae (and the like) where slight movement is required.
The "shorthand" used for the androtic equivalent for this is
" TEFC." [Gray, p.225]
. White FIBROUS tissue, PLIANT & FLEXIBLE, STRONG, TOUGH, INEXTENSIBLE connecting medium. The "shorthand" used for the
androtic equivalent for this ligature material required some
invention, but it is " WhiFt." [Gray, p.217]
. Yellow ELASTIC Tissues where the elasticity is equivalent to
muscle power (like in the adjacent arches of vertebrae).
The "shorthand" used for the androtic equivalent for this is
" YETS." [Gray, p.217]
See "Joint types." The topics "Ligature Materials" and
"Tendon Materials" point back to this entry because the nature of
these tissues are similar and defined here.
Joint modeling [CGW, July`95, pg.17] suggest that a study of human joint mechanics may be instructive. These models are to
analyze the impact joint motion has on human body soft tissues primarily for surgical purposes. However, the geometries may influence android engineering. This National
Science Foundation Grand Challenge grant study is/has been
done at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, NY) in collaboration with Columbia University.
Joint movement: Joints have methods of movement by types and
range of motion (ROM). One tidbit of assorted information:
Females have 2 to 14 degrees more joint movement than males.
[Farkas]
JOINT TYPES
Connecting the deepest ligatures must be done first. There
are successive layers of ligatures over most joints which would
prevent access to the joint if the deepest and other deeper articulating strands and layers were not already in place.
Gray describes several types of joint movement (pages 219-223) which have androtic counterparts. Basically, these joint
movements and the mechanical movements are:
. Symphysis.
. Syndesmosis.
. Ginglymus.
. Trochoides.
. Condyloid.
. Reciprocal Reception.
. Enarthrosis.
and
. Arthrodia.
These are the ways the four kinds; gliding, circumduction,
angular, and rotation; of movement are applied in body joints.
Connecting the deepest ligatures must consider these movements in
the articulations.
The Android Maker passed an Anatomical Kinesiology course
taken winter quarter, 2001. Borrowing heavily from that textbook
[Luttgens] and hopefully avoiding plagiarism, compare and
contrast:
[1] Diarthrotic joints have an articular cavity. There must be
some separation in order to have movement, even though such
gap may be in microns.
[1.1.2] The joint is lubricated by a synovial fluid secreted by the membrane liner of the capsule.
[1.1.3] The articular surfaces are smooth and hard.
[1.1.4] These articular surfaces are covered with hyaline,
but some by fibrocartilage.
[1.2] Classes:
[1.2.2] Hinge, "ginglymus" see previous text, does not
have a pivot or a shaft like a mechanical device.
One part of the joint has a concave surface and
the mating part of the joint on the other bone is
convex. The uniaxial motion is about one axis
through one plane so the movements are flexion and
extension. The examples are elbows and knees.
[1.2.3] Pivot joints have a peg, a bit like the pintle as
used to hang rudders. The uniaxial motion, alike
the hinge type, is in the atlantoaxial and the
radioulnar joints.
[1.2.4] Condyloid joints have oval or elliptical shaped
surfaces that mate concave or convex to its other
parts. The forward and backward (flexion and extension) and side to side (abduction and adduction)
movements are biaxial. Circumduction is done with
a sinusoidal sequence between these four movements
of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints (and
equivalent of the feet).
[1.2.5] Saddle joints are modified condyloids and are thus
biaxial. They are such that the movement is much
greater such as the carpometacarpal thumb joint.
[1.2.6] Ball and socket joints are of the shoulders and
the hips. The type is triaxial because movement
can be done about three axis. Note the spherical
head is on the limb and the socket is of the
trunk. The socket could be on the limb of a
mechanical contrivance, but bodies grow round
things well at the end of a long bone and sockets,
acetabulums, are formed by the construction of
more than one bone.
[1.3] For android makers: All biological joints with movement are made of surfaces with more than one concave or
convex shape. Usually, only the ball-and-sockets; as
in tie rod ends and ball joints; have such dual (or
compound) shape. Cams' shapes form around only one
axis; disregarding the shapes of hypoid gears for this
study.
Bone grows round, and the dual axis shape of the
articular surfaces may allow some lateral motion to
protect the joint. However primarily, the compound
shape helps retain the articular capsules and other
tissues, especially the medial and lateral meniscus of
the knee, which helps cushion shock through the joint.
Androids will have an equivalence of the meniscus
in their knees. It may not be advantageous to put
something like that in an androtic doll at the scale of
1cm:1" (or smaller) unless for the sake of type
retention.
[2] Syntharthrotic joints do not have such cavity. Any
movement is done with flexibility of the associated
material. This is a second part of an outline to properly
discriminate the primary first part.
[2.1.2] The ligamentous type is not a true joint, but it
explains another connection (or relationship) of
bones.
[2.2] Classes:
[2.2.2] There is no movement in this "fibrous" type
because such examples are the skull's sutures.
Again, this is for biological growth.
[2.2.3] Ligamentous joints; e.g. coracoacromial and radio-ulnar unions; surfaces may be widely separated.
These are tied together by some ligaments which
may require anatomical androids' and dolls'
maker's attention.
[2.3] For android makers: Thickness of the intervertebral
disks allow for some triaxial movement; akin to ball-and-sockets. According to an article in the
18 December issue of "Design News" starting on page 64,
Mattel used a ball-and-socket in the armature of the
"twisty-tummy" Barbie dolls (this feature may not be
used in their collectors' editions).
It has been decided to retain the previous material because it is
basically accurate. However, it is little help with androtics.
[1.1] Salient characteristics;
[1.1.1] A sleeve-like ligamentous capsule encloses the
joint.
[1.2.1] Irregular joints are flat to slightly curved.
Gliding is the movement which is nonaxial.
Examples are carpals, tarsals, and vertebral arch
articulations.
There was a temptation to combine the saddle
type into the condyloid type for androtics. However, the opposable thumb is so uniquely human
and useful, that it was deemed best to retain this
classification and to be more conformable to anatomy and kinesiology disciplines.
[2.1] Salient characteristics;
[2.1.1] Bones of cartilaginous and fibrous are conjoined
by tissue attached to the joints' surface.
[2.2.1] Cartilaginous joints, adhered to with a fibrocartilage, allow bending and twisting.
Intervertebral joints are the prime example of
this type.
The text cites a hyaline epiphyseal union as
another example, but that is the apparent
mechanism of growth. By its presence, it is an
indicator of lack of growth completion and is
representative of the subject's age. Androids
will not likely "grow" as such, and if they ever
do, are they still androids?
Want to contribute, comment, etc.? Write me! ... Your
suggestions are welcome.
as of July 4, 2001 ... Back to the Android Making Encyclopedia
Page of/or to The Android Maker site's home page.